Alimentación de cerdos con suero de queso fresco en combinación con subproductos de molinería o grano de maíz

En el primer ensayo se midieron los rendimientos zootécnicos de cerdos durante los períodos de crecimiento y acabado (17 a 90 kg) alimentados con 7 raciones: 2 sin suero de queso fresco (SQF) basadas en maíz más torta de soya (M más TS) y maíz más torta de algodón (M más TA) o dietas controles, y las otras 5 con SQF en combinación con maíz-grano molido (MGM), o uno de los 4 subproductos de molinería siguientes: harina de arroz (HA), mogolla de trigo (MT), salvado de trigo (ST) y salvado de maíz (SM). En el segundo ensayo se midió el efecto de la alimentación con SQF, únicamente durante el período de acabado (43 a 92 kg) en combinación con los mismos subproductos de molinería del primer ensayo. Para los ensayos se emplearon 84 cerdos, mitad hembras y mitad machos castrados, de las razas Duroc (D), Landrace (L) y Yorkshire (Y), y cruces D x Y L x D, los cuales se asignaron al azar a cada ración. Los resultados del primer ensayo fueron: aumento de peso diario (APD) para el grupo SQF más HA: 600 gr; para el grupo SQF más MT: 580 gr y para el grupo SQF más MGM: 620 gr, aumentos que fueron inferiores a los obtenidos con las dietas controles (M más TS y M más TA), pero superiores significativamente a los obtenidos por los grupos SQF más SM: 490 gr y SQF más ST: 520 gr. El consumo promedio diario (CPD) de SQF fue de 15.3 y 21 L para los períodos de crecimiento y acabado, respectivamente. El CPD de subproductos de molinería y/o el MGM para los períodos mencionados fueron 1.1 y 1.5 kg, respectivamente. Los resultados del segundo ensayo tuvieron las mismas respuestas que en el primer estudio, pero con un menor CPD de SQF igual a 17 L y un mayor CPD de subproducto de molinería o MGM igual a 2 kg, lo cual sugiere falta de adaptación de su capacidad gastrointestinal. Estos resultados permitieron concluir que el SQF puede reemplazar en un 33 por ciento al concentrado balanceado convencional y no debe ser combinado con subproductos cuyo contenido final de fibra sea igual o exceda al 10 por ciento, vale decir, como SM o ST.In the first study, animal performance was measured on growing and finishing pigs (17 to 90 kg) feed seven diets: two with out whey, corn-soy bean meal (CSM) and corn-cotton seed oil meal (CCM); and the other five, with whole fresh whey (WFW) in combination with ground corn grain (GC), or one of the following four grain milling by-products: Rice bran (RB), wheat middlings (WM), wheat bran (WB) and corn bran (CB). In a second trial the effects of feeding WFW was studied by feedings pigs in the finishing fase (43 to 92 kg), that is, pigs that had not been expossed to whey in their diets during the growth period; WFW in combination with the milling by products: RB, WM, WB and CB. Duroc (D), Landrace (L) and Yorkshire (Y), and Duroc cross bred pigs (D x V and L x D), were used in this study. Employing a total of 84 pigs, 12 (six castrates and six females) were randomly alloted to each diet. Results of the first trial were: average daily gain (ADG) for the WFW-RB troup, 600 g; WFW-WM group, 580 g and the WFW-GC group, 620 g. These ADG were inferior to those abtained with the pigs on the control diets CSM and CCM, but superior to those groups of pigs on the WFW-CB (490 g) and WFW-WB (520 g) diets (P< 0.05). WFW daily average intake during the growth period was 15.3 liters and during the finishing period, 21.0 liters; average daily grain milling by-product intake for the two periods were: 1.1 and 1.5 kg, respectively. Results of the second study for those animals that received no WFW during the growth period, showed the same results as those of the first study, but with a lower WFW daily intake (17 liters/day), and a higher grain milling by-product intake: 2.0 kg/day. This fact suggests an adaptation of the gastro-intestinal tract in terms of liquid volume capacity of pigs fed WFW during the growth period. It is concluded that WFW can replace 33% of a conventional balanced diet, and should not be combined in rations whose total crude fiber content is equal to or exceeds 10%, such that will readly accur when wheat bran and corn bran are used.Maíz-zea maysPorcicultur

Bagacillo de caña (saccharum officinarum) predigerido por vapor a presión como alimento básico para novillos de carne

Al someter el bagacillo a altas presiones (18.3, 19.0, 19.7 y 20.4 kg/cm2) durante 4, 6, 8 y 10 minutos se incrementó significativamente la digestibilidad "in vitro" y la degradabilidad "in situ "de la materia seca. La aceptabilidad del bagacillo predigerido al vapor-BPOJ (O, 40, 60 y 85.42%) fue baja y se presentó disminución en el consumo y pérdidas de peso en novillos cebú que consumieron niveles por encima del 60%. No se observaron diferencias significativas (P and lt; 0.05) en la ganancia de peso promedio de novillos alimentados con BPDV y altos niveles de urea, usando una cantidad restringida de pasto rey (TI), bagazo crudo entero (T2) y melaza de caña (T3); la exclusión de fibra larga (T3) no afectó el desempeño animal. Se detectaron niveles de furfural por debajo del 1 % en el BPIN (base fresca); los análisis espectroscópicos (UV, RI, RMN) registraron la presencia de grupos carboxilos e hidroxilos, indicando la probable existencia de fenoles.De-rinded sugar cane bagasse (the pith) was subjected to high steam pressures (18.3, 19.0, 19.7 and 20.4 kg/cm2) during 4, 5, 8and 10 minutes. In vitro digestibilities and JD. situ degradabilities were significantly improved by the treatments. The steam pre-digested bagasse pith-SPBP (0,20, 40, 60 y 85.42%) acceptability were lowand the results showed very high weight losses of steers teed 60 and 80% SPBP of their diet. No statistical difference (P and lt; 0.05) was observed for average daily gains of steer fed on high levels of SPBP supplemented with high levels of urea, using three treatment: restricted amount of king grass (T1) whole raw bagasse (T2) and cane molasses(T3); the exclusion of the long fiber (T3) did not effect animal performance. Furfural levels below 1% SPBP (fresch basis) were detected; spectrometric analysis (UV, RI and FMN) registered the presence of carboxil and hidroxil groups indicating the probable existence of phenols

Corporate governance and financial constraints on strategic turnarounds

The paper extends the Robbins and Pearce (1992) two-stage turnaround response model to include governance factors. In addition to the retrenchment and recovery, the paper proposes the addition of a realignment stage, referring specifically to the re-alignment of expectations of principal and agent groups. The realignment stage imposes a threshold that must be crossed before the retrenchment and hence recovery stage can be entered. Crossing this threshold is problematic to the extent that the interests of governance-stakeholder groups diverge in a crisis situation. The severity of the crisis impacts on the bases of strategy contingent asset valuation leading to the fragmentation of stakeholder interests. In some cases the consequence may be that management are prevented from carrying out turnarounds by governance constraints. The paper uses a case study to illustrate these dynamics, and like the Robbins and Pearce study, it focuses on the textile industry. A longitudinal approach is used to show the impact of the removal of governance constraints. The empirical evidence suggests that such financial constraints become less serious to the extent that there is a functioning market for corporate control. Building on governance research and turnaround literature, the paper also outlines the general case necessary and sufficient conditions for successful turnarounds

Draft Genome of the Filarial Nematode Parasite \u3ci\u3eBrugia malayi\u3c/i\u3e

Parasitic nematodes that cause elephantiasis and river blindness threaten hundreds of millions of people in the developing world. We have sequenced the ∼90 megabase (Mb) genome of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi and predict ∼11,500 protein coding genes in 71 Mb of robustly assembled sequence. Comparative analysis with the free-living, model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans revealed that, despite these genes having maintained little conservation of local synteny during ∼350 million years of evolution, they largely remain in linkage on chromosomal units. More than 100 conserved operons were identified. Analysis of the predicted proteome provides evidence for adaptations of B. malayi to niches in its human and vector hosts and insights into the molecular basis of a mutualistic relationship with its Wolbachia endosymbiont. These findings offer a foundation for rational drug design

A large scale hearing loss screen reveals an extensive unexplored genetic landscape for auditory dysfunction

The developmental and physiological complexity of the auditory system is likely reflected in the underlying set of genes involved in auditory function. In humans, over 150 non-syndromic loci have been identified, and there are more than 400 human genetic syndromes with a hearing loss component. Over 100 non-syndromic hearing loss genes have been identified in mouse and human, but we remain ignorant of the full extent of the genetic landscape involved in auditory dysfunction. As part of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium, we undertook a hearing loss screen in a cohort of 3006 mouse knockout strains. In total, we identify 67 candidate hearing loss genes. We detect known hearing loss genes, but the vast majority, 52, of the candidate genes were novel. Our analysis reveals a large and unexplored genetic landscape involved with auditory function

In Search of a Trade Mark: Search Practices and Bureaucratic Poetics

Trade marks have been understood as quintessential ‘bureaucratic properties’. This article suggests that the making of trade marks has been historically influenced by bureaucratic practices of search and classification, which in turn were affected by the possibilities and limits of spatial organisation and technological means of access and storage. It shows how the organisation of access and retrieval did not only condition the possibility of conceiving new trade marks, but also served to delineate their intangible proprietary boundaries. Thereby they framed the very meaning of a trade mark. By advancing a historical analysis that is sensitive to shifts, both in actual materiality and in the administrative routines of trade mark law, the article highlights the legal form of trade mark as inherently social and materially shaped. We propose a historical understanding of trade mark law that regards legal practice and bureaucratic routines as being co-constitutive of the very legal object itself

Human immunodeficiency virus: 25 years of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and their impact on hepatitis B and C virus

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) had spread unrecognized in the human population as sexually transmitted disease and was finally identified by its disease AIDS in 1981. Even after the isolation of the causative agent in 1983, the burden and death rate of AIDS accelerated worldwide especially in young people despite the confection of new drugs capable to inhibit virus replication since 1997. However, at least in industrialised countries, this trend could be reversed by the introduction of combination therapy strategies. The design of new drugs is on going; besides the inhibition of the three enzymes of HIV for replication and maturation (reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease), further drugs inhibits fusion of viral and cellular membranes and virus maturation. On the other hand, viral diagnostics had been considerably improved since the emergence of HIV. There was a need to identify infected people correctly, to follow up the course of immune reconstitution of patients by measuring viral load and CD4 cells, and to analyse drug escape mutations leading to drug resistance. Both the development of drugs and the refined diagnostics have been transferred to the treatment of patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). This progress is not completed; there are beneficial aspects in the response of the scientific community to the HIV burden for the management of other viral diseases. These aspects are described in this contribution. Further aspects as handling a stigmatising disease, education of self-responsiveness within sexual relationships, and ways for confection of a protective vaccine are not covered

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London